Opticks
by Isaac Newton
'Opticks' Summary
The publication of Opticks represented a major contribution to science, different from but in some ways rivalling the Principia. Opticks is largely a record of experiments and the deductions made from them, covering a wide range of topics in what was later to be known as physical optics. That is, this work is not a geometric discussion of catoptrics or dioptrics, the traditional subjects of reflection of light by mirrors of different shapes and the exploration of how light is "bent" as it passes from one medium, such as air, into another, such as water or glass. Rather, the Opticks is a study of the nature of light and colour and the various phenomena of diffraction, which Newton called the "inflexion" of light.
In this book Newton sets forth in full his experiments, first reported to the Royal Society of London in 1672, on dispersion, or the separation of light into a spectrum of its component colours. He demonstrates how the appearance of color arises from selective absorption, reflection, or transmission of the various component parts of the incident light.
The major significance of Newton's work is that it overturned the dogma, attributed to Aristotle or Theophrastus and accepted by scholars in Newton's time, that "pure" light (such as the light attributed to the Sun) is fundamentally white or colourless, and is altered into color by mixture with darkness caused by interactions with matter. Newton showed just the opposite was true: light is composed of different spectral hues (he describes seven — red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet), and all colours, including white, are formed by various mixtures of these hues. He demonstrates that color arises from a physical property of light — each hue is refracted at a characteristic angle by a prism or lens — but he clearly states that color is a sensation within the mind and not an inherent property of material objects or of light itself. For example, he demonstrates that a red violet (magenta) color can be mixed by overlapping the red and violet ends of two spectra, although this color does not appear in the spectrum and therefore is not a "color of light". By connecting the red and violet ends of the spectrum, he organised all colours as a color circle that both quantitatively predicts color mixtures and qualitatively describes the perceived similarity among hues.
Newton's contribution to prismatic dispersion was the first to outline multiple-prism arrays. Multiple-prism configurations, as beam expanders, became central to the design of the tunable laser more than 275 years later and set the stage for the development of the multiple-prism dispersion theory.
Book Details
Language
EnglishOriginal Language
EnglishPublished In
1704Author
Isaac Newton
United Kingdom
Sir Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian, and author (described in his time as a "natural philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the greatest mathemat...
More on Isaac NewtonDownload eBooks
Listen/Download Audiobook
- Select Speed
Related books
On the Various Forces of Nature by Michael Faraday
A non-mathematical survey of the fundamental forces of nature and some relationships among them. This is a series of lectures aimed at young people. H...
Rocks and Their Origins by Grenville A.J. Cole
Do you know the difference between sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks? Are you interested in their geologic origin, chemical composition or ho...
Walking by Henry David Thoreau
This was originally a lecture given by Thoreau in 1851 at the Concord lyceum titled "The Wild" . He revised it before his death and it was included as...
The Gamekeeper at Home by Richard Jefferies
Richard Jefferies (1848 – 1887) was born and spent his childhood on a farm at Coate,Wiltshire. He joined the ‘Wiltshire and Gloucestershire Standard’...
Organic Gardener's Composting by Steve Solomon
The art and science of composting is presented in a humorous and readable manner from the basic elements to the in-depth science. An entire chapter is...
A Year with the Birds by W. Warde Fowler
It is a captivating and informative book that explores the world of birds and the impact they have on our lives. Published in 1910, this classic work...
Our Western Birds by Elizabeth Grinnell
This mother and son team, each distinguished in their field, collaborate to give charming portraits of common birds of the western United States from...
The Boys' and Girls' Pliny Vol. 2 by Pliny the Elder
White continue their remarkable journey through the realms of natural history, unearthing extraordinary secrets from the past and shedding light on th...
Reviews for Opticks
No reviews posted or approved, yet...